Brachytherapy apparatus

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure provides a brachytherapy apparatus that delivers a low dose, partial breast irradiation treatment for post-lumpectomy patients via introduction of a catheter-like device through a cannula. The apparatus may be introduced post-surgically with local anesthesia under image guidance into the previous excision site and into a cavity by a surgeon. The brachytherapy apparatus includes a seed containment device configured to contain a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds therein. The seed containment device may be one or more thin-walled tubes. The apparatus is further configured to expand so that at least a portion of the seed containment device is positioned against the remaining tissue and the plurality of radioactive seeds are disposed at the perimeter of the seed containment device. Also described are various clamps for the apparatus, and sleeves for adjusting the size of the device to fit a cavity when the apparatus is in use.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

N/A.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

The present disclosure relates to radiation treatment and more particularly, to an apparatus and method that allows cancer patients to receive a low dose radiation treatment after removal of a tumor.

2. Description of Related Art

Today, a number of treatment options exist for patients who are diagnosed with cancer. With respect to breast cancer, mastectomies commonly have been used. A mastectomy involves removal of all or a part of the breast tissue, and sometimes also involves removal of the underlying pectoral muscles and lymph nodes around the breasts. Mastectomies may be accompanied by significant scarring, thus adversely affecting the aesthetic appearance or cosmesis of the breast and surrounding tissue. Moreover, removal of all or large regions of the breast may have an associated significant physical trauma as well as psychological trauma.

Various alternative treatment options have been developed to address adverse affects associated with mastectomies. These alternative treatment options may involve a breast-sparing lumpectomy. A lumpectomy tends to involve removal of only the portion or “lump” of the breast that contains tissue having tumors. The remaining tissue outside the removed lump may be treated subsequently with breast irradiation that is designed to treat abnormal or suspect tissue that surrounds the removed tumor.

One of the various lumpectomy options involves full breast irradiation. While this option incorporates the breast-sparing lumpectomy, the treatment time may last for several weeks, with several treatments a day during those weeks. At times, the number of treatments may be as much as thirty treatments. Such a high number of treatments may be not only inconvenient for the patient, it may also be expensive since each time the patient sees a doctor, a charge may follow. Even for insured patients, all of the charges may not be covered by the patient's insurance.

Moreover, lumpectomies involving full breast irradiation may result in significant surface tissue damage of healthy tissue since the entire breast is being irradiated. Likewise, the cosmesis or aesthetic appearance of the breast may be compromised since the entire breast is being irradiated. Moreover, because more tissue is affected, the risk of complications may increase with full breast irradiation.

In order to address the consequences of full breast irradiation procedures, partial breast irradiation procedures have been developed. These options may incorporate high dose radiation. With high-dose irradiation, significant patient discomfort may result since multiple needles and catheters are placed into the breast. Moreover, there is a greater chance that surface tissue damage may occur, resulting in scarring and sensitivity.

Another example of a treatment option that has been developed incorporating partial breast irradiation is one developed by Proxima Therapeutics, Inc., and known as the MAMMOSITE.™ radiation therapy treatment system. This system appears to be designed to address some of the drawbacks associated with full breast irradiation while also addressing some of the drawbacks associated with high-dose radiation. The procedure involves inflating a balloon so that it fills the empty cavity and inserting a high-dose radiation source for delivery inside the cavity. The treatment time may be twice a day for five (5) days, for a total of ten (10) treatments. However, the patient selection criteria may be limited in that patients with small breasts may not be good candidates. For example, the breast may be too small to allow proper inflation of the balloon. Moreover, the high-dose of radiation may be in dangerous proximity to vital organs, thus possibly resulting in damage to vital organs.

Recently, brachytherapy has been used for partial breast irradiation to deliver a more localized treatment of tumor cells after a lumpectomy. Partial breast irradiation is used to supplement surgical resection by targeting the residual tumor margin after resection, with the goal of treating any residual cancer in the margin. Radiation therapy can be administered through one of several methods, or a combination of methods, including external-beam radiation, stereotactic radiosurgery, and permanent or temporary interstitial brachytherapy. Owing to the proximity of the radiation source, brachytherapy offers the advantage of delivering a more localized dose to the target tissue region.

There is a need for an instrument and associated procedure which can be used to deliver radiation from a radioactive source to target tissue with a desired intensity and without over-exposure of body tissues disposed between the radiation source and the target.

There is further a need for an instrument and associated procedure that has broad patient selection criteria with reduced office visits.

There is yet further a need for an irradiation procedure that is appropriate not only for breasts, but may be used in treatment regimens for other areas of the body, such as the brain and prostate.

BRIEF SUMMARY

The present disclosure addresses the deficiencies noted hereinabove by providing an interstitial brachytherapy apparatus that may be implanted in a single visit, thereby reducing the number of office visits and providing a more convenient treatment regimen.

In accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure, a brachytherapy apparatus is provided for delivery of localized irradiation to tissue that remains after surgical resection. The apparatus comprises one or more thin-walled tubes, each of said thin-walled tubes being configured to contain a plurality of low-dose radioactive seed strands. The apparatus further comprises a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds, including at least one low-dose radioactive seed strand disposed within the one or more thin-walled tubes, the plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds being configured to deliver a prescribed dose of radiation. The apparatus also includes an expansion element configured to expand said one or more thin-walled tubes so that at least a portion of the one or more thin-walled tubes is positioned substantially against the remaining tissue.

In accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure, a brachytherapy apparatus is provided for delivery of localized irradiation after surgical tissue removal when the tissue removal results in a cavity surrounded by remaining tissue. The brachytherapy apparatus comprises a seed containment device configured to contain a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds, and a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds disposed within the seed containment device. In this embodiment, the seed containment device is further configured to expand so that at least a portion of the seed containment device is positioned against the remaining tissue and the plurality of radioactive seeds are disposed at the perimeter of the seed containment device.

In accordance with yet another embodiment of the present disclosure, a brachytherapy apparatus is provided for delivery of localized irradiation after surgical tissue removal, the tissue removal resulting in a cavity surrounded by remaining tissue. The brachytherapy apparatus comprises a plurality of stacked, substantially elliptical, thin-walled tubes, the plurality of tubes including an uppermost tube, at least one middle tube and a lowermost tube, wherein each tube has a top tube section, and a bottom tube section. The apparatus further includes connection mechanisms configured to connect each tube to at least one other tube such that the top tube section of one tube is connected to the bottom tube section of another tube with the exception of the uppermost tube. In this embodiment, the uppermost tube and the lowermost tube are of a lesser volume than the at least one middle tube. The apparatus is configured to expand and collapse, the expanded state resulting in a greater volume for the apparatus than in its collapsed state. The apparatus defines a diameter of an upper tube section, a middle tube section and a lower tube section. In its expanded state, the diameter of the middle tube section is greater than the diameter of the upper tube section and the lower tube section.

In accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure, a brachytherapy apparatus is provided for delivery of localized irradiation after surgical tissue removal when the tissue removal results in a cavity surrounded by remaining tissue. The brachytherapy apparatus comprises a plurality of substantially cylindrical, thin-walled tubes, the wall of each tube being connected to the wall of at least one other tube. The apparatus further includes a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds, including at least one low-dose radioactive seed strand disposed within the one or more thin-walled tubes, the plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds being configured to deliver a prescribed dose of radiation. The apparatus includes an expansion element configured to expand said plurality of substantially cylindrical, thin-walled tubes so that at least a portion of the one or more thin-walled tubes is positioned substantially against the remaining tissue.

In accordance with still a further embodiment of the present disclosure, a brachytherapy apparatus is provided for delivery of localized irradiation after surgical tissue removal when the tissue removal results in a cavity surrounded by remaining tissue. The brachytherapy apparatus comprises a first set of tubes being configured in a first direction. The apparatus further comprises a second set of tubes being configured in a second direction such that the second set of tubes intersects with the first set of tubes to define an upper tube section, a middle tube section and a lower tube section; each of said tubes sections defining a diameter. In its expanded state, the diameter of the middle tube section is greater than the diameter of the upper tube section and the lower tube section. The volume of the apparatus in its first state is lesser than the volume of the apparatus in its second state.

In accordance with still a further embodiment of the present disclosure, a method for delivering localized irradiation after surgical tissue removal, the tissue removal resulting in a cavity. The method comprises creating access to the cavity. The method further comprises providing an interstitial brachytherapy apparatus that includes one or more thin-walled tubes, each of said thin-walled tubes being configured to contain a plurality of low-dose radioactive seed strands. The brachytherapy apparatus that is provided also includes a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds, including at least one low-dose radioactive seed strand disposed within the one or more thin-walled tubes, the plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds being configured to deliver a prescribed dose of radiation. The brachytherapy apparatus that is provided further includes an expansion element configured to expand said one or more tubes so that at least a portion of the one or more tubes is positioned substantially against the remaining tissue. The method using this brachytherapy apparatus further includes placing the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus into the cavity and expanding the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus so that it substantially fills the cavity, and so that the plurality of thin-walled tubes are placed substantially against the remaining tissue, clamping the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus onto the patient, leaving the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus inside the cavity for a sufficient time to deliver the prescribed radiation dose to remaining tissue that surrounds the cavity and, finally, removing the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus.

In accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure, a method is provided for delivering localized irradiation after surgical tissue removal, the tissue removal resulting in a cavity. The method comprises creating access to the cavity. An interstitial brachytherapy apparatus is provided for use with the method. The brachytherapy apparatus includes a seed containment device configured to contain a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds, and a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds disposed within the seed containment device. The seed containment device of the brachytherapy apparatus is further configured to expand so that at least a portion of the seed containment device is positioned against the remaining tissue and the plurality of radioactive seeds are disposed at the perimeter of the seed containment device. Using this brachytherapy apparatus, the method includes placing this interstitial brachytherapy apparatus into the cavity, and expanding the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus so that it substantially fills the cavity, and so that the seed containment device is placed substantially against the remaining tissue. The method further includes clamping the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus onto the patient, and leaving the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus inside the cavity for a sufficient time to deliver the prescribed radiation dose to remaining tissue that surrounds the cavity. Finally, the method includes removing the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus.

In still a further embodiment of the present disclosure, a treatment apparatus is provided for delivery of localized treatment to tissue that remains after surgical resection. The apparatus comprises one or more thin-walled tubes, each of said thin-walled tubes being configured to contain a plurality of therapeutic elements, a plurality of therapeutic elements, and an expansion element configured to expand said one or more thin-walled tubes so that at least a portion of the one or more thin-walled tubes is positioned substantially against the remaining tissue.

In another embodiment of the present disclosure, a treatment apparatus is provided for delivery of localized treatment to tissue that remains after surgical resection. The treatment apparatus includes a seed containment device configured to contain a plurality of therapeutic elements, a plurality of therapeutic elements disposed within the seed containment device. The seed containment device is further configured to expand so that at least a portion of the seed containment device is positioned against the remaining tissue and the therapeutic elements are disposed at the perimeter of the seed containment device.

These, as well as other objects, features and benefits will now become clear from a review of the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments and the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a brachytherapy apparatus in a collapsed state in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 1B is an embodiment of the apparatus of FIG. 1A in its expanded state.

FIG. 2 is a breast brachytherapy apparatus having a clamp and in its collapsed state in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3A is the brachytherapy apparatus of FIG. 2 as it is used in a brachytherapy procedure.

FIG. 3B is the apparatus of FIGS. 2 and 3A in its expanded state in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3C is the apparatus of FIG. 3B showing the process of radioactive strands being placed into the openings.

FIG. 3D is the apparatus of FIG. 3C when the tubes are held tightly in place.

FIG. 3E is a post-implantation embodiment of the brachytherapy apparatus of FIG. 3D.

FIG. 3F is a post-implantation embodiment of a brachytherapy apparatus with a post-implantation cap on its end.

FIG. 3G is an embodiment of a brachytherapy apparatus after an obturator has been inserted.

FIG. 3H is an embodiment where the tubes are collapsed.

FIG. 3I is an embodiment showing how the brachytherapy apparatus may be removed from a patient, leaving the suture disk in place temporarily.

FIG. 3J is an illustration of the apparatus having been removed fully from the breast.

FIG. 4A is the brachytherapy apparatus as stacked, substantially elliptical, expandable tubes and in a collapsed state in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure, and FIG. 4B is the apparatus 4A in its expanded state.

FIG. 5 is a single spiral tube strand brachytherapy apparatus in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 is an expandable mesh brachytherapy apparatus in its expanded state in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate a stent embodiment of a brachytherapy apparatus in a collapsed and expanded state in accordance with still yet another embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 8 is a multi-tube spiral embodiment of a brachytherapy apparatus in accordance with still yet another embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrate a bandoleer-configured brachytherapy apparatus in accordance with still yet another embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 10 is an extruded multi-lumen embodiment of a brachytherapy in accordance with still yet another embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 11 is a bendable tube configuration that includes a sleeve configured to slide toward the tubes to reduce the length of the tubes to control the expansion volume.

FIG. 12 is a multi-lumen brachytherapy apparatus having tubes that are snugly fit from side-to-side.

FIG. 13 is a multi-lumen tube that could also be configured for expansion at the time of use through the use of molded “knives” at the interior surface of a sleeve of the apparatus.

FIG. 14A is a side view of a brachytherapy apparatus that includes a cap joined to the tubes.

FIG. 14B is a top view of the cap described in FIG. 14A.

FIG. 14C is a dimensional representation of the cross section of the tubes of FIG. 14A.

FIG. 15 is a dual-sleeved proximal end portion of a brachytherapy apparatus in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 16 is a brachytherapy apparatus having a threaded sleeve and clamp in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 17 is the proximal end portion of a brachytherapy apparatus that includes a tapered wedge and collet in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 18 is the proximal end portion of a brachytherapy apparatus that includes clamps for each individual tube as well as a clamp for the center tube.

FIG. 19 is the proximal end portion of a brachytherapy apparatus having a key hole-type toggle mechanism for the center tube.

FIG. 20 is the proximal end of a brachytherapy apparatus having a spiral-type spring mechanism used to hold the lumen in place.

FIG. 21 is the proximal end of a brachytherapy apparatus having a pin mechanism used to hold the lumen in place.

FIG. 22 is another view of a proximal end of a brachytherapy apparatus having a collet system similar to that shown in FIG. 17.

FIG. 23 is also another view of a proximal end of a brachytherapy apparatus having a collet system similar to that shown in FIG. 17.

FIG. 24 is another view of a proximal end of a brachytherapy apparatus having a screw mechanism for expanding and collapsing the brachytherapy tubes.

FIG. 25 is still another view of a proximal end of a brachytherapy apparatus having a spring mechanism for expanding and collapsing the brachytherapy tubes.

FIGS. 26A and 26B illustrate an embodiment of a split nut and bump configuration used to hold a center tube in place.

FIGS. 27A and 27B illustrate a brachytherapy apparatus having a ball of seeds at its end.

FIG. 28A is another embodiment of a brachytherapy apparatus that includes supports for the tubes.

FIG. 28B shows the apparatus in a collapsed state.

FIG. 28C shows yet another position for the apparatus inside a cavity.

FIG. 29A is a perspective view of the cutting apparatus.

FIG. 29B a front view of the cutting apparatus with the scissor members in an open configuration.

FIG. 29C shows the scissor members released.

FIG. 29D shows the scissor members in a locked state.

FIG. 30 is another clamp with cutter in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 31 is a cone clamp in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 32A-32G illustrate an embodiment of a brachytherapy apparatus having a twist dial expansion apparatus and a gauge to meter the volume of expansion.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

Cancer patients are often diagnosed via an initial biopsy. The treating surgeon may then refer the patient to a medical oncologist, who may assist in determining a treatment regimen and inform the patient of various treatment options. In the case of breast cancer, the cancerous tissue is removed via a lumpectomy

While the present disclosure is described in terms of breast cancer, it should be understood that the apparatus described in the present disclosure could also be used as part of a wide variety of other treatment regimens, including those for prostate cancer, brain cancer and other situations where a cavity is created by removal of a tumor.

The present disclosure provides a brachytherapy apparatus that delivers a low dose, partial breast irradiation treatment for post-lumpectomy patients via introduction of a catheter-like device through a cannula. The device is designed to be introduced post-surgically with local anesthesia under image guidance into the excision site by a surgeon. For purposes of the present disclosure, low-dose radiation may be construed as a dosage that would allow a patient to receive a prescribed dose if the low-dose radiation source remains in the patient's body over the course of 3, 5 or 7 days.

Referring now to FIG. 1A, illustrated is a brachytherapy apparatus 10 in a collapsed state in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown, the apparatus 10 includes a plurality of tubes 100 at its distal end. The tubes 100 are thin-walled. The wall thickness can be as small as between 7/1000 of an inch and 12/1000 of an inch. The tubes 100 are disposed within a sleeve 110. Sleeve could simply be thin-walled heat shrink tubing, and the walls of sleeve could be as thin as 3/1000 of an inch. Each of this plurality of tubes 100 is configured to contain therein a plurality of low-dose radioactive seed strands. The tubes have a distal end and a proximal end, and are bundled together at the distal end and at the proximal end inside sleeve.

The sleeve 110 in which the tubes 100 are disposed is, in turn, passed through disk 120. Disk 120 contains a plurality of openings which may be used to suture the apparatus 10 onto a patient so that the apparatus 10 may be left in the patient's breast or other body part upon completion of the surgical procedure to insert the apparatus 10. At the proximal end of disk 120, also illustrated is cap 130 which may be used to cover the cut ends of the tubes 100 when the patient wears the apparatus 10 after completion of the surgical procedure for implanting the apparatus 10.

When in use, the plurality of tubes 100 of apparatus 10 may be expanded so that the radioactive seeds (not shown) disposed within the tube may be placed more closely to the tissue within the post-lumpectomy cavity.

Referring now to FIG. 1B, illustrated is an embodiment of the apparatus 10 of FIG. 1A in its expanded state. As shown, the apparatus 10 includes eight (8) tubes 100; however, it should be understood that there may be a greater number of tubes or fewer tubes. The number of tubes may be dependent on a number of factors, including but not limited to, the size of the cavity into which the apparatus 10 is inserted, the amount of radiation needed for the patient and the locations in which the radiation is needed. The size of the cavity as well as the amounts and locations of radiation needed may be determined based on radiation therapy planning, which may be performed using software specifically designed to develop such a radiation plan.

As shown in FIG. 1B, the tubes 100 may expanded to conform to the post-lumpectomy cavity. The size of the sphere may be largely dependent upon the size of the cavity into which the apparatus 10 is inserted. In the embodiment of FIGS. 1A and 1B, the sleeve 110 may be pulled toward the operator so that the tubes 110 expand. An actuator or center tube 140, which extends along the length of the apparatus 10 from its distal end to its proximal end, further assists with expanding and collapsing the apparatus 10.

Referring now to FIG. 2, illustrated is another embodiment of a breast brachytherapy apparatus 200 in a collapsed state in accordance with a embodiment of the present disclosure.

As shown in FIG. 2, this embodiment 200 includes a plurality of substantially pie-shaped tubes 205, the proximal ends of which are bundled into a collar 210. Collar 210 is connected to disk 220 through which sutures may be disposed in order to suture the apparatus 200 in place once it has been positioned within the patient. The apparatus further includes a conical piece 240 which assists in expansion and also may be used to insert the radioactive seeds, therapeutic elements or diagnostic elements. The seeds may be separated by one or more spacers to create a radioactive seed strand. Lock screw 235 may be used to tighten the center tube 250 and hold the center tube in position with respect to tubes 205. The obturator also assists in expansion and collapse of the apparatus 200, when the obturator is held steady and the conical piece 240 is pushed in.

In operation, first, the physician uses a cannula or trocar to enter the original scar site that was created at the time of the original tumor removal or resection. In the case of the breast, this scar site may have resulted from a lumpectomy.

Referring now to FIG. 3A, illustrated is the brachytherapy apparatus of FIG. 2 as it is used in a brachytherapy procedure. In a first step, a physician may place the apparatus 200 through the original incision site 203 of the breast 202 that was originally used to perform the lumpectomy. The tubes 205 may be placed into the cavity 204 of the breast 202 that remains after the lumpectomy. Disk 220 is kept outside the patient's breast 202 so that it may be later sutured onto the patient. The clamp 230 will assist with expansion and tightening of the tubes 205.

Referring now to FIG. 3B, the apparatus 200 may be expanded much like an umbrella when the physician loosens the lock screw 235, restrains the central tube 250 and pushes member 240 in a distal direction. These motions would cause expansion of the plurality of tubes 205 so that the tubes 205 almost fill the cavity 204 of breast 202.

The physician may use visual and other surgical aids to better assess the position of the tubes 205 inside breast 202. Such aids may be beneficial since the tubes 205 may not be readily seen once they are inside cavity 204. An ultrasound is one such example of visual or surgical aid. The ultrasound may be used to detect the postion of the tubes 205 in relation to cavity 204. When the tubes are touching the walls of cavity 204, the physician may see this being illustrated on an ultrasound. In some situations, an ultrasound may not be available. In lieu of—and/or in addition to—using visual or surgical aids, the physician may use his or her senses to determine when resistance is felt resulting from the tubes 205 pushing against the one or more inner surfaces of cavity 204. Once the tubes are against the inner surfaces of cavity 204, the physician may tighten the clamp 230 to hold the position of tubes 205.

Referring now to FIG. 3C, illustrated is the apparatus 200 wherein radioactive seed strands or other therapeutic or diagnostic elements may be placed into tubes 205 through openings located in conical member 240. The openings are numbered, each number corresponding to one of the plurality of tubes 205. Once the tubes 205 are in position, seed strands may be inserted into the tubes via the openings using strand placement tube 270. The openings serve as funnel holes for the tubes.

As mentioned hereinabove, the apparatus of the present disclosure may be suitable for use with common surgical aids. One such surgical aid is a CAT scan which may be used to determine whether the seed strands have been accurately positioned in accordance with the radiation therapy plan. As hereinabove mentioned, the radiation therapy plan may be created with surgical aids such as software designed to form an isodose profile. The appropriate isodose profile may call for the seeds to be inserted in a number of ways so as to vary the applied radiation level. For example, in some situations, the isodose profile may not require that any seed be inserted into one of the plurality of tubes 205. In some situations, two or more different seeds used on a single patient may have different activity levels so that some seeds are stronger than others. Low-dose radioactive seeds, e.g., iodine 125 isotope, may be used in conjunction with breast irradiation.

Under some circumstances, the physician may wish to test proper seed insertion prior to actual insertion by inserting dummy or imitation seeds instead of actual radioactive seeds. This process allows the physician to avoid potentially damaging the real seeds, yet this process may be more time-consuming than placing the actual seeds.

Referring now to FIG. 3D, the seed placement tube has been removed and tubes 205 are now held tightly into place with the radioactive seeds having been placed according to the radiation therapy plan.

Referring now to FIG. 3E, illustrated is a post-implantation embodiment of a brachytherapy apparatus 200 of the present disclosure. As shown, the tubes 205 may be cut leaving disk 220 just outside the breast so that the sutures may be disposed through openings in disk 220. The cutting may be performed with a surgical instrument such as a scalpel. Alternatively, the apparatus 200 may be self-cutting using a blade configured to travel across the base of the clamp 230. A cap 280 may be attached to the suture disk to protect the ends of the tubes since the patient may wear the post-implantation apparatus 200 for several days before treatment ends and the apparatus 200 is removed.

Referring now to FIG. 3F, illustrated is the post-implantation embodiment with a post-implantation cap 280 on its end. It is possible that the cap 280 would be secured so that the patient could not remove the cap 280 and disrupt the protocol. At this point, the patient may be sent home with a radiopaque shield (e.g., a lead bra) for several days, e.g., 3-5 days.

The apparatus may be removed after a minimum prescribed dose of radiation has been delivered. As shown in FIG. 3G, the cap 280 has been removed and the obturator 260 has been inserted. The clamp 230 would need to be loosened so as to allow the tubes to collapse.

Referring now to FIG. 3H, the tubes 205 are collapsed. The apparatus 200 may be removed from the site of insertion 203 or other point deemed appropriate by the physician. Referring now to FIG. 3I, the apparatus 200 may be removed from the patient, leaving the suture disk 220 in place temporarily. Referring now to FIG. 3J, the apparatus 200 has been removed fully from the breast.

Referring now to FIG. 4A, illustrated is the brachytherapy apparatus 400 as stacked, substantially elliptical, expandable tubes and in a collapsed state in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure. As illustrated, apparatus 400 includes a plurality of stacked expanding tubes 410, 420, 430, 440, 450, 460 and 470. Uppermost tube 410 is shown above a number of other tubes including middle tubes 430, 440 and lowermost tube 470. The middle tubes 430, 440 have a greater width (w) than uppermost tube 410 and lowermost tube 470.

Referring now to FIG. 4B, illustrated is the apparatus 400 of FIG. 4A in its expanded state. Each tube has a top tube section, a middle tube section and a lower tube section. As illustrated, connection mechanisms 415, 417 connect the top tube section of tube 420 to the bottom tube section of tube 410. Likewise, connection mechanisms 425, 427 connect the top tube section of tube 430 to the bottom tube section of tube 420. Connection mechanisms connect the top tube sections of each remaining tube to the bottom tube section of the tube above. However, uppermost tube 410 has no tube above it, and therefore, no connection mechanisms connect the uppermost tube 410 to the bottom tube section of the above it since there is no tube above uppermost tube 410.

Referring now to FIG. 5, illustrated is a single spiral tube strand brachytherapy apparatus 500 in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure. As illustrated, a single spiral tube strand is wound around a spiral tube support 520. Spiral tube support 520 may be configured to lengthen so that, when lengthened, the spiral tube strand is elongated and expanded to fill a cavity.

Referring now to FIG. 6, illustrated is an expandable mesh brachytherapy apparatus 600 in its expanded state in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present disclosure. As illustrated, the apparatus 600 includes a plurality of tubes that are configured in a first direction. For example, tubes 610, 620 and 630 extend diagonally from a northwesterly direction to a southeasterly direction. A second set of tubes are configured in a second direction. For example, tubes 640, 650 and 660 extend from a northeasterly direction to a southwesterly direction such that tubes 640, 650 and 660 intersect with tubes 610, 620 and 630. Radioactive seeds or other therapeutic elements are disposed within the plurality of tubes. The diameter of apparatus 600 is greater in the middle section than in the upper and lower sections.

Referring now to FIG. 7A, illustrated is a stent embodiment of a brachytherapy apparatus 700 in a collapsed state in accordance with still yet another embodiment of the present disclosure. As illustrated, a plurality of tubes are interconnected to define a conical shape when the tube is in its collapsed state.

Referring now to FIG. 7B, illustrated is the stent embodiment of FIG. 7A in an expanded state. As illustrated the diameter of 700 is greater in the middle section than in the upper and lower sections.

Referring now to FIG. 8, illustrated is a multi-tube spiral embodiment of a brachytherapy apparatus 800 in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown, the apparatus 800 includes a plurality of tubes that spiral in the same direction. The tubes are joined at the top and converge near the bottom.

Referring now to FIG. 9A, illustrated is a bandoleer-configured brachytherapy apparatus in accordance with still a further embodiment of the present disclosure. As illustrated, multiple expandable ribbons with cross tubes attached 910, 920 and 930 are configured to contain a plurality of seeds or other therapeutic elements. The cross tube ribbons 910, 920, 930 are threaded through a tube 940 into the cavity. FIG. 9B illustrates how radioactive seeds 922, 924, 926, 928 or other therapeutic elements may be inserted into the cross tubes 920.

At times a brachytherapy apparatus may need to be re-sized to fill the cavity that remains after a surgical resection. It may also be desirable that this re-sizing is performed by the surgeon who is also responsible for implanting the brachytherapy apparatus into a patient. It may be further desirable that the tube bundle be rigid in order to facilitate insertion.

Referring now to FIG. 10, illustrated is an extruded multi-lumen embodiment of a brachytherapy apparatus 1000 in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present disclosure. As illustrated, webs 1010 hold tubes together in collapsed state, when tube expanded could be slit to the length required so that the tubes may be individually presented. The apparatus 1000 could be manufactured to include the slit webs 1010, and the length of the slits could correspond to the size of a particular sphere 1020 of the apparatus 1000. Alternatively, the surgeon could perform this slitting process. Moreover, a special cutter could be provided for the tubes, or the tubes could be marked or gauged to determine the appropriate length.

Other means may be provided in order to control the length of the tubes in the brachytherapy apparatus so that different cavity sizes are accommodated. Referring now to FIG. 11, illustrated is a bendable tube configuration that includes a sleeve 1110 configured to slide toward the tubes 1120 to reduce the length of the tubes, thus accommodating smaller cavities. The sleeve 1120 may be slid toward disk 1130 to lengthen the tubes 1120, thus accommodating larger cavities. If the tubes 1120 are shortened, it may be desirable to cut any exposed portion of the tubes 1120 extending from end section 1140 or sleeve 1110.

A multi-lumen tube could also be configured so that its tubes fit side-to-side when the tube is in its collapsed state. Such an embodiment could enhance stability of the apparatus. Referring now to FIG. 12, illustrated is a multi-lumen brachytherapy apparatus 1200 having tubes that are snugly fit from side-to-side.

Referring now to FIG. 13, a multi-lumen tube could also be configured for expansion at the time of use through the use of molded “knives” 1310 at the interior surface of a sleeve 1320 of the apparatus 1300.

To further facilitate spherical expansion inside the tubes, the tubes may be molded or welded to a cap. Referring now to FIG. 14A, illustrated is a side view of a brachytherapy apparatus 1400 that includes a cap 1410 joined to the tubes 1420. Cap 1410 may be molded or welded to the tubes 1420 in order to facilitate spherical expansion of the tubes 1420.

Referring now to FIG. 14B, illustrated in a top view of the cap 1410 described in FIG. 14A. As shown, the cap 1410 has a smooth surface that could further facilitate insertion of the apparatus 1400 into the cavity of a patient when in use. Referring now to FIG. 14C, illustrated is a dimensional representation of the sphere formed by one of the tubes 1420 of FIG. 14A. In order to control the bend radius of the a tube through which the radioactive seeds or other therapeutic elements will pass, the, X dimension could be increased or decreased. To gain greater control over expansion by keeping the tubes equally distributed radially, the y dimension may be adjusted. This sizing will affect the catheter size and the maximum diameter depending upon the maximum distance between the seeds allowable to maintain the appropriate prescribed dose.

Referring now to FIG. 15 illustrated is a dual-sleeved proximal end portion of a brachytherapy apparatus 1500 in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure. This proximal end portion has two sleeves 1510, 1520 with sleeve 1510 adapted to be slid proximally toward disk 1530. Accordingly, sleeve 1510 could be slid into, and thus disposed inside, sleeve 1520 to lengthen any attached tubes, thus accommodating a larger cavity.

Referring now to FIG. 16, illustrated is a brachytherapy apparatus 1600 having a threaded sleeve and clamp in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure. As illustrated, the apparatus 1600 includes a threaded sleeve 1610 adapted to receive a plurality of tubes 1605. The sleeve 1605 protects the tissue against pressure when the tubes 1605 need to be opened up. If desired, a physician performing brachytherapy could cut the sleeve to the desired size or the sleeves could be manufactured to a certain length. At the proximal end of disk 1615, just proximal to clamp 1620, sleeve portion 1625 can be seen as it protrudes from clamp 1620. Clamp 1620 squeezes tubes. An obturator is placed into hole of center tube and physically connected to the luer fitting on the end of tube 1640. Lock screw 1650 can be used to hold the center tube in place. General operation of this apparatus is similar to that shown in FIG. 2.

Referring now to FIG. 17, illustrated is the proximal end portion of a brachytherapy apparatus 1700 that includes a tapered wedge and collet in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure. The tapered wedge and collet may be used to secure the eight-lumen tube 1710 and center tube 1730 to the apparatus. As shown, an eight-lumen tube 1710 having webs, such as web 1715, protrudes from sleeve 1720. Center tube 1730 can be seen extending from the middle of the eight-lumen tube 1710. Tapered wedge could be inserted on the inside diameter of sleeve 1720 to secure the eight-lumen tube 1710. The collet 1750 could be used to secure the center tube 1730. Once secured, the center tube 1730 would be clamped into place by collet 1750.

Referring now to FIG. 18, illustrated is the proximal end portion of a brachytherapy apparatus 1800 that includes clamps for each individual tube as well as a clamp for the center tube. The center tube 1810 may be clamped by squeezing center tube 1820 using forceps or other devices so that center tube clamp structure 1815 holds center tube 1810 into place. Each individual clamp may be clamped using individual tube spring member 1830 to hold the individual clamp in individual clamp structure 1840. When this spring member 1830 is squeezed, it releases the tube in place.

Referring now to FIG. 19, illustrated is the proximal end portion of a brachytherapy apparatus 1900 having a key hole type toggle mechanism for the center tube. The key hole-type toggle mechanism 1910 would be turned in one direction to clamp the center tube in place. The toggle mechanism would be turned in a second direction to unclamp the center tube.

Referring now to FIG. 20, illustrated is the proximal end of a brachytherapy apparatus 2000 having a spiral-type spring mechanism used to hold the lumen in place. The spiral-type spring mechanism 2010 could be released to collapse the brachytherapy apparatus 2000.

Referring now to FIG. 21, illustrated is the proximal end of a brachytherapy apparatus 2100 having a pin mechanism used to hold the lumen in place. The pin mechanism 2110 could be inserted through a web 2130 of the eight-lumen tube 2120 and through the center tube 2140 to hold the center tube in place as well.

Referring now to FIG. 22, illustrated is another view of a proximal end of a brachytherapy apparatus 2200 having a collet system similar to that shown in FIG. 17. The collet 2210 may be ribbed so that pressure is applied only to the web of the lumen tube. This would leave the inside diameter undistorted so that the radioactive seeds or strands may pass freely.

Referring now to FIG. 23, illustrated is another view of a proximal end of a brachytherapy apparatus 2200 having a collet system similar to that shown in FIG. 17. However, in this embodiment, the collet 2310 includes a handle 2320 so that the collet 2310 may be released.

Referring now to FIG. 24, illustrated is yet another view of a proximal end of a brachytherapy apparatus having a screw mechanism for expanding and collapsing the brachytherapy tubes. As shown, between the outer set of tubes 2410 and 2412, the center tube 2414 may be held in place with screw 2416. When the screw 2416 is turned to move in a distal direction, the center tube 2416 is advanced so that the outer sets of tubes 2410, 2412 expand. When the screw 2416 is turned to move in a proximal direction, the center tube 2416 recedes so that the outer sets of tubes 2410, 2412 collapse.

Referring now to FIG. 25, illustrated is still another view of a proximal end of a brachytherapy apparatus having a spring mechanism for expanding and collapsing the brachytherapy tubes. At one end, the spring mechanism 2510 may be attached to cap 2512, while at the other end, spring mechanism 2510 may be attached to suture disk 2514. The spring mechanism 2510 may be pulled to expand the tubes 2520. The spring mechanism 2510 may be pushed to release the tubes 2520.

Referring now to FIG. 26A, illustrated is a center tube having bumps 2610 to facilitate holding the center tube in place. As shown in FIG. 26 B, the bumps may fit into a split nut 2620 joined by a handle 2630 to hold the center tube 2640 in place.

Referring now to FIG. 27A, illustrated is a brachytherapy apparatus 2700 having a ball of seeds at its end. The apparatus is shown in FIG. 27B is shown as it is inserted into a cavity.

Referring now to FIG. 28A, illustrated is yet another embodiment of a brachytherapy apparatus that includes supports for the tubes. As illustrated, a cable may be pulled to expand the tubes 2830 disposed inside a cavity. FIG. 28B shows the apparatus 2800 in a collapsed state. FIG. 28C shows yet another position for the apparatus inside a cavity.

FIGS. 29A-29D illustrate a scissor-type clamp apparatus for the thin-walled tubes. FIG. 29A is a perspective view of the apparatus 2900. FIG. 29B is a front view of the apparatus 2900 with the scissor members 2910, 2920 in an open configuration. FIG. 29C shows the scissor members 2910, 2920 released. FIG. 29D shows the scissor members 2910, 2920 in a locked state.

Referring now to FIG. 30, illustrated is yet another clamp with cutter in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure. As illustrated, the clamp member 3000 includes blades 3010, 3020 that may be used to cut the thin-walled tubes.

Referring now to FIG. 31, illustrated is a cone clamp 3100 designed for use in a brachytherapy apparatus in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure. As illustrated, the cone clamp 3100 is designed to be squeezed and inserted into a conical member 3110, thus holding a center tube into place. If the center tube is pulled in a distal direction, the clamp 3100 would be more tightly squeezed. In order to release the clamp 3100, the clamp 3100 would be squeezed again.

Referring now to FIG. 32A, illustrated is an embodiment of a brachytherapy apparatus 3200 having a twist dial expansion apparatus 3210. When the twist dial apparatus 3210 is turned clockwise, a wire or strip 3220 expands the plurality of tubes 3230 of the apparatus 3200. When the twist dial apparatus is turned in a counterclockwise direction, a wire or strip 3220 may collapse so that the plurality of tubes 3230 also collapse.

Referring now to FIG. 32B, illustrated is another view of the twist dial expansion apparatus 3210. Dial 3240 may be used to expand the apparatus.

Referring now to FIG. 32C, illustrated is a cross-sectional view of the twist dial expansion apparatus 3210. As shown, a threaded flexible screw 3250 may advance when the twist dial expansion apparatus 3240 is turned to expand the apparatus.

Referring now to FIG. 32D, illustrated is a single twist dial expansion apparatus having multiple tube openings.

Referring now to FIG. 32E, illustrated is a view of the brachytherapy apparatus with openings 3260 and a seed strand 3270 being disposed therethrough.

Referring now to FIG. 32F, illustrated is the brachytherapy apparatus with a gauge 3270 to meter the volume of expansion. When the twist dial expansion apparatus 3240 is turned, the gauge 3270 may show the volume of expansion.

Referring now to FIG. 32G, illustrates is a gauge 3280 that may be used in conjunction with a brachytherapy apparatus. The gauge shows the volume of expansion in terms of cubic centimeters.

While the specification describes particular embodiments of the present invention, those of ordinary skill can devise variations of the present invention without departing from the inventive concept. 

1. A brachytherapy apparatus for delivery of localized irradiation after tissue removal, the tissue removal resulting in a cavity surrounded by remaining tissue, the apparatus comprising: one or more thin-walled tubes, each of said thin-walled tubes being configured to contain a plurality of low-dose radioactive seed strands; a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds disposed within the one or more thin-walled tubes, including at least one low-dose radioactive seed strand disposed within the one or more thin-walled tubes, the plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds being configured to deliver a prescribed dose of radiation; and an expansion element configured to expand outwardly said one or more thin-walled tubes within the cavity so that the thin-walled tubes substantially conform to a shape of the cavity.
 2. The brachytherapy apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a cutting apparatus configured to cut the tubes so as to shorten the length of the tubes, thus accommodating a size of the cavity.
 3. The brachytherapy apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a first sleeve configured to slide distally over the tubes when the apparatus is in a collapsed state so as to shorten the length of the tubes, thus accommodating a size of the cavity.
 4. The brachytherapy apparatus of claim 3, wherein the sleeve is threaded to permit clamping of an obturator therethrough.
 5. The brachytherapy apparatus of claim 3, further comprising: a second sleeve configured to receive the first sleeve such that when the first sleeve is slid proximally into the second sleeve, the tubes are lengthened to accommodate a size of the cavity.
 6. The brachytherapy apparatus of claim 2, further comprising: a web disposed between each two individual tubes, the web including a slit; wherein the cutting apparatus may be used to cut the slit so as to facilitate greater expansion of the brachytherapy apparatus.
 7. The brachytherapy apparatus of claim 6, wherein the cutting apparatus includes molded knives on the interior surface of a sleeve.
 8. The brachytherapy apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: one or clamping apparatuses configured to clamp the one or more thin-walled tubes inside the brachytherapy apparatus when the apparatus is in use.
 9. The brachytherapy apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a center tube; and a second clamping apparatus configured to clamp the center tube inside the brachytherapy apparatus when the apparatus is in use.
 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein one or more clamping apparatuses is a collet.
 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the collet is ribbed and/or includes a handle.
 12. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the second clamping apparatus is a tapered wedge.
 13. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the second clamping apparatus is a key-hole type toggle.
 14. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the second clamping apparatus is a spring clamp.
 15. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the second clamping apparatus is a pin.
 16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus includes at least two thin-walled tubes, and wherein the expansion element is a screw disposed beneath a center tube and between the at least two thin-walled tubes.
 17. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a center tube; a cap connected at the distal end of the one or more thin-walled tubes, the cap being configured to hold the one or more thin-walled tubes and center tube; a spring being connected to the cap at its distal end and to a suture disk at the proximal end such that when the spring is pulled, the one or more thin-walled tubes expand and when the spring is pushed, the one or more thin-walled tubes collapse.
 18. The brachytherapy apparatus of claim 1, wherein the brachytherapy apparatus includes at least two thin-walled tubes, the apparatus further comprising: a cap joined to the at least two thin-walled tubes, the cap being further configured to facilitate expansion of the tubes.
 19. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a support for each one or more thin-walled tubes; and wherein the expansion element is a cable which when pulled, causes the support to expand the one or more thin-walled tubes in a cavity.
 20. A brachytherapy apparatus for delivery of localized irradiation after surgical tissue removal, the tissue removal resulting in a cavity surrounded by remaining tissue, the brachytherapy apparatus comprising: a seed containment device configured to contain a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds; a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds disposed within the seed containment device; and wherein the seed containment device is further configured to expand outwardly so that the seed containment device substantially conforms to a shape of the cavity, and the plurality of radioactive seeds are disposed at substantially the perimeter of the seed containment device.
 21. A brachytherapy apparatus for delivery of localized irradiation after surgical tissue removal, the tissue removal resulting in a cavity surrounded by remaining tissue, the brachytherapy apparatus comprising: a plurality of stacked, substantially elliptical, thin-walled tubes, the plurality of tubes including an uppermost tube, at least one middle tube and a lowermost tube, wherein each tube has a top tube section, and a bottom tube section; connection mechanisms configured to connect each tube to at least one other tube such that the top tube section of one tube is connected to the bottom tube section of another tube with the exception of the uppermost tube; a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds disposed within the thin-walled tubes, the plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds being configured to deliver a prescribed dose of radiation; wherein the uppermost tube and the lowermost tube are of a lesser volume than the at least one middle tube; wherein the apparatus is configured to expand and collapse, the expanded state resulting in a greater volume for the apparatus than in its collapsed state; wherein the apparatus defines a diameter of an upper tube section, a middle tube section and a lower tube section; and wherein, in its expanded state, the diameter of the middle tube section is greater than the diameter of the upper tube section and the lower tube section and the tubes and connection mechanisms are configured to substantially conform to a shape of the cavity.
 22. The apparatus of claim 21, further comprising: a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds, including at least one low-dose radioactive seed strand disposed within the one or more thin-walled tubes, the plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds being configured to deliver a prescribed dose of radiation.
 23. A brachytherapy apparatus for delivery of localized irradiation after surgical tissue removal, the tissue removal resulting in a cavity surrounded by remaining tissue, the brachytherapy apparatus comprising: a plurality of substantially cylindrical, thin-walled tubes, the wall of each tube being connected to the wall of at least one other tube; a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds, including at least one low-dose radioactive seed strand disposed within the one or more thin-walled tubes, the plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds being configured to deliver a prescribed dose of radiation; and an expansion element configured to expand outwardly said plurality of substantially cylindrical, thin-walled tubes so that the one or more thin-walled tubes substantially conform to a shape of the cavity.
 24. A brachytherapy apparatus for delivery of localized irradiation after surgical tissue removal, the tissue removal resulting in a cavity surrounded by remaining tissue, the brachytherapy apparatus comprising: a first set of tubes being configured in a first direction; a second set of tubes being configured in a second direction such that the second set of tubes intersects with the first set of tubes to define an upper tube section, a middle tube section and a lower tube section, each of said tubes sections defining a diameter; a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds disposed within the first and second sets of tubes; and wherein, in its expanded state, the diameter of the middle tube section is greater than the diameter of the upper tube section and the lower tube section, and the first and second sets of tubes are configured to substantially conform to a shape of the cavity; and wherein the volume of the apparatus in its first state is lesser than the volume of the apparatus in its second state.
 25. A method for delivering localized irradiation after surgical tissue removal, the tissue removal resulting in a cavity, the method comprising: creating access to the cavity; providing an interstitial brachytherapy apparatus, comprising: one or more thin-walled tubes, each of said thin-walled tubes being configured to contain a plurality of low-dose radioactive seed strands; a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds, including at least one low-dose radioactive seed strand disposed within the one or more thin-walled tubes, the plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds being configured to deliver a prescribed dose of radiation; an expansion element configured to expand outwardly said one or more tubes so that the one or more tubes substantially conform to a shape of the cavity; placing the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus into the cavity; expanding the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus so that the plurality of thin-walled tubes substantially conform to the shape of the cavity; clamping the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus onto the patient; leaving the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus inside the cavity for a sufficient time to deliver the prescribed radiation dose to remaining tissue that surrounds the cavity; and removing the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus.
 26. A method for delivering localized irradiation after surgical tissue removal, the tissue removal resulting in a cavity, the method comprising: creating access to the cavity; providing an interstitial brachytherapy apparatus, comprising: a seed containment device configured to contain a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds; a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds disposed within the seed containment device; wherein the seed containment device is further configured to expand outwardly so that the seed containment device substantially conforms to a shape of the cavity, and the plurality of radioactive seeds are disposed at the perimeter of the seed containment device; placing the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus into the cavity; expanding the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus so that the seed containment device substantially conforms to the shape of the cavity; clamping the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus onto the patient; leaving the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus inside the cavity for a sufficient time to deliver the prescribed radiation dose to remaining tissue that surrounds the cavity; and removing the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus.
 27. A treatment apparatus for delivery of localized treatment to tissue that remains after surgical resection, the resection resulting in a cavity surrounded by remaining tissue, the apparatus comprising: one or more thin-walled tubes, each of said thin-walled tubes being configured to contain a plurality of therapeutic elements; a plurality of therapeutic elements disposed within the one or more thin-walled tubes; and an expansion element configured to expand outwardly said one or more thin-walled tubes so that the one or more thin-walled tubes substantially conform to a shape of the cavity.
 28. A treatment apparatus for delivery of localized treatment to tissue that remains after surgical resection, the resection resulting in a cavity surrounded by remaining tissue, the apparatus comprising: a seed containment device configured to contain a plurality of therapeutic elements; a plurality of therapeutic elements disposed within the seed containment device; and wherein the seed containment device is further configured to expand outwardly so that the seed containment device substantially conforms to a shape of the cavity, and the therapeutic elements are disposed at substantially the perimeter of the seed containment device.
 29. A treatment apparatus for delivery of localized treatment to tissue that remains after surgical resection, the resection resulting in a cavity surrounded by remaining tissue, the apparatus comprising: one or more thin-walled tubes, each of said thin-walled tubes being configured to contain a plurality of radiation sources; a plurality of radiation sources; and an expansion element configured to expand outwardly said one or more thin-walled tubes so that the one or more thin-walled tubes substantially conform to a shape of the cavity.
 30. A treatment apparatus for delivery of localized treatment to tissue that remains after surgical resection, the resection resulting in a cavity surrounded by remaining tissue the apparatus comprising: a seed containment device configured to contain a plurality of radiation sources; a plurality of radiation sources disposed within the seed containment device; wherein the seed containment device is further configured to expand outwardly so that the seed containment device substantially conforms to a shape of the cavity and the radiation sources are disposed at substantially the perimeter of the seed containment device.
 31. A brachytherapy apparatus for delivery of localized irradiation after tissue removal, the tissue removal resulting in a cavity surrounded by remaining tissue, the apparatus comprising: one or more thin-walled tubes, each of said thin-walled tubes being configured to contain a plurality of low-dose radioactive seed strands; a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds configured to deliver a prescribed dose of radiation; and an expansion element configured to expand outwardly said one or more thin-walled tubes within the cavity; and at least one opening configured to permit placement of the plurality of low dose radioactive seeds into the thin-walled tubes, during or after surgical implantation of the one or more thin-walled tubes.
 32. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein the thin-walled tubes are configured to expand outwardly so that they substantially conform to a shape of the cavity.
 33. The apparatus of claim 32, further comprising: one or more adjustment mechanisms configured to individually adjust each of the one or more thin-walled tubes to varying lengths in order to accommodate a size of the cavity.
 34. A method for delivering localized irradiation after surgical tissue removal, the tissue removal resulting in a cavity, the method comprising: creating access to the cavity; providing an interstitial brachytherapy apparatus, comprising: one or more thin-walled tubes, each of said thin-walled tubes being configured to contain a plurality of low-dose radioactive seed strands; a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds configured to deliver a prescribed dose of radiation; an expansion element configured to expand outwardly said one or more tubes; and at least one opening configured to permit placement of the plurality of low dose radioactive seeds into the thin-walled tubes, during or after surgical implantation of the one or more thin-walled tubes; placing the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus into the cavity; expanding the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus; clamping the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus onto the patient; leaving the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus inside the cavity for a sufficient time to deliver the prescribed radiation dose to remaining tissue that surrounds the cavity; and removing the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus.
 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the thin-walled tubes of the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus are configured to substantially conform to a shape of the cavity; and wherein the expanding step further includes expanding the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus outwardly so that the thin-walled tubes substantially conform to a size of the cavity.
 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus further comprises: one or more adjustment mechanisms configured to individually adjust each of the one or more thin-walled tubes to varying lengths in order to accommodate a size of the cavity
 37. A brachytherapy apparatus for delivery of localized irradiation after surgical tissue removal, the tissue removal resulting in a cavity surrounded by remaining tissue, the brachytherapy apparatus comprising: a seed containment device configured to contain a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds; a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds configured to deliver a prescribed dose of radiation; and at least one opening configured to permit placement of the plurality of low dose radioactive seeds into the seed containment device, during or after surgical implantation of the seed containment device; and wherein the seed containment device is further configured to expand outwardly so that the plurality of radioactive seeds are disposed at substantially the perimeter of the seed containment device.
 38. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the seed containment device is configured to expand outwardly so that it substantially conforms to a shape of the cavity.
 39. A method for delivering localized irradiation after surgical tissue removal, the tissue removal resulting in a cavity, the method comprising: creating access to the cavity; providing an interstitial brachytherapy apparatus, comprising: a seed containment device configured to contain a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds; a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds configured to deliver a prescribed dose of radiation; and at least one opening configured to permit placement of the plurality of low dose radioactive seeds into the seed containment device, during or after surgical implantation of the seed containment device; wherein the seed containment device is further configured to expand outwardly so that the plurality of radioactive seeds are disposed at substantially the perimeter of the seed containment device; placing the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus into the cavity; expanding the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus; clamping the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus onto the patient; leaving the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus inside the cavity for a sufficient time to deliver the prescribed radiation dose to remaining tissue that surrounds the cavity; and removing the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus.
 40. The method of claim 39, wherein the seed containment device of the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus is configured to substantially conform to a shape of the cavity; and wherein the expanding step further includes expanding the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus outwardly so that the seed containment device substantially conforms to a size of the cavity.
 41. A brachytherapy apparatus for delivery of localized irradiation after surgical tissue removal, the tissue removal resulting in a cavity surrounded by remaining tissue, the brachytherapy apparatus comprising: a plurality of stacked, substantially elliptical, thin-walled tubes, the plurality of tubes including an uppermost tube, at least one middle tube and a lowermost tube, wherein each tube has a top tube section, and a bottom tube section; connection mechanisms configured to connect each tube to at least one other tube such that the top tube section of one tube is connected to the bottom tube section of another tube with the exception of the uppermost tube; and a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds configured to deliver a prescribed dose of radiation; and at least one opening configured to permit placement of the plurality of low dose radioactive seeds into the thin-walled tubes, during or after surgical implantation of the thin-walled tubes; wherein the uppermost tube and the lowermost tube are of a lesser volume than the at least one middle tube; wherein the apparatus is configured to expand and collapse, the expanded state resulting in a greater volume for the apparatus than in its collapsed state; wherein the apparatus defines a diameter of an upper tube section, a middle tube section and a lower tube section; and wherein, in its expanded state, the diameter of the middle tube section is greater than the diameter of the upper tube section and the lower tube section.
 42. The apparatus of claim 41, wherein the thin-walled tubes are configured to expand outwardly so that they substantially conform to a shape of the cavity.
 43. The apparatus of claim 43, further comprising: one or more adjustment mechanisms configured to individually adjust each of the one or more thin-walled tubes to varying lengths in order to accommodate a size of the cavity.
 44. A method for delivering localized irradiation after surgical tissue removal, the tissue removal resulting in a cavity, the method comprising: creating access to the cavity; providing an interstitial brachytherapy apparatus, comprising: a plurality of stacked, substantially elliptical, thin-walled tubes, the plurality of tubes including an uppermost tube, at least one middle tube and a lowermost tube, wherein each tube has a top tube section, and a bottom tube section; connection mechanisms configured to connect each tube to at least one other tube such that the top tube section of one tube is connected to the bottom tube section of another tube with the exception of the uppermost tube; a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds configured to deliver a prescribed dose of radiation; and at least one opening configured to permit placement of the plurality of low dose radioactive seeds into the thin-walled tubes, during or after surgical implantation of the thin-walled tubes; wherein the uppermost tube and the lowermost tube are of a lesser volume than the at least one middle tube; wherein the apparatus is configured to expand and collapse, the expanded state resulting in a greater volume for the apparatus than in its collapsed state; wherein the apparatus defines a diameter of an upper tube section, a middle tube section and a lower tube section; and wherein, in its expanded state, the diameter of the middle tube section is greater than the diameter of the upper tube section and the lower tube section and the tubes and connection mechanisms are configured to substantially conform to a shape of the cavity; placing the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus into the cavity; expanding the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus so that the plurality of thin-walled tubes substantially conform to the shape of the cavity; clamping the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus onto the patient; leaving the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus inside the cavity for a sufficient time to deliver the prescribed radiation dose to remaining tissue that surrounds the cavity; and removing the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus.
 45. The method of claim 44, wherein the thin-walled tubes of the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus are configured to substantially conform to a shape of the cavity; and wherein the expanding step further includes expanding the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus outwardly so that the thin-walled tubes substantially conform to a size of the cavity.
 46. The method of claim 45, wherein the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus further comprises: one or more adjustment mechanisms configured to individually adjust each of the one or more thin-walled tubes to varying lengths in order to accommodate a size of the cavity.
 47. A brachytherapy apparatus for delivery of localized irradiation after surgical tissue removal, the tissue removal resulting in a cavity surrounded by remaining tissue, the brachytherapy apparatus comprising: a plurality of substantially cylindrical, thin-walled tubes, the wall of each tube being connected to the wall of at least one other tube; a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds configured to deliver a prescribed dose of radiation; at least one opening configured to permit placement of the plurality of low dose radioactive seeds into the thin-walled tubes, during or after surgical implantation of the thin-walled tubes; and an expansion element configured to expand outwardly said plurality of substantially cylindrical, thin-walled tubes.
 48. The apparatus of claim 47, wherein the thin-walled tubes are configured to expand outwardly so that they substantially conform to a shape of the cavity.
 49. The apparatus of claim 48, further comprising: one or more adjustment mechanisms configured to individually adjust each of the one or more thin-walled tubes to varying lengths in order to accommodate a size of the cavity.
 50. A method for delivering localized irradiation after surgical tissue removal, the tissue removal resulting in a cavity, the method comprising: creating access to the cavity; providing an interstitial brachytherapy apparatus, comprising: a plurality of substantially cylindrical, thin-walled tubes, the wall of each tube being connected to the wall of at least one other tube; a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds configured to deliver a prescribed dose of radiation; at least one opening configured to permit placement of the plurality of low dose radioactive seeds into the thin-walled tubes, during or after surgical implantation of the thin-walled tubes; and an expansion element configured to expand outwardly said plurality of substantially cylindrical, thin-walled tubes; placing the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus into the cavity; expanding the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus; clamping the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus onto the patient; leaving the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus inside the cavity for a sufficient time to deliver the prescribed radiation dose to remaining tissue that surrounds the cavity; and removing the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus.
 51. The method of claim 50, wherein the thin-walled tubes of the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus are configured to substantially conform to a shape of the cavity; and wherein the expanding step further includes expanding the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus outwardly so that the thin-walled tubes substantially conform to a size of the cavity.
 52. The method of claim 51, wherein the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus further comprises: one or more adjustment mechanisms configured to individually adjust each of the one or more thin-walled tubes to varying lengths in order to accommodate a size of the cavity.
 53. A brachytherapy apparatus for delivery of localized irradiation after surgical tissue removal, the tissue removal resulting in a cavity surrounded by remaining tissue, the brachytherapy apparatus comprising: a first set of tubes being configured in a first direction; a second set of tubes being configured in a second direction such that the second set of tubes intersects with the first set of tubes to define an upper tube section, a middle tube section and a lower tube section, each of said tubes sections defining a diameter; a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds configured to deliver a prescribed dose of radiation; and at least one opening configured to permit placement of the plurality of low dose radioactive seeds into the first and second sets of tubes, during or after surgical implantation of the first and second sets of tubes; and wherein, in its expanded state, the diameter of the middle tube section is greater than the diameter of the upper tube section and the lower tube section; and wherein the volume of the apparatus in its first state is lesser than the volume of the apparatus in its second state.
 54. The apparatus of claim 53, wherein the first and second sets of tubes are configured to expand outwardly so that they substantially conform to a shape of the cavity.
 55. The apparatus of claim 56, further comprising: one or more adjustment mechanisms configured to individually adjust each tube in the first and second sets of tubes to varying lengths in order to accommodate a size of the cavity.
 56. A method for delivering localized irradiation after surgical tissue removal, the tissue removal resulting in a cavity, the method comprising: creating access to the cavity; providing an interstitial brachytherapy apparatus, comprising: a first set of tubes being configured in a first direction; a second set of tubes being configured in a second direction such that the second set of tubes intersects with the first set of tubes to define an upper tube section, a middle tube section and a lower tube section, each of said tubes sections defining a diameter; a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds configured to deliver a prescribed dose of radiation; and at least one opening configured to permit placement of the plurality of low dose radioactive seeds into the thin-walled tubes, during or after surgical implantation of the first and second sets of tubes; and wherein, in its expanded state, the diameter of the middle tube section is greater than the diameter of the upper tube section and the lower tube section; and wherein the volume of the apparatus in its first state is lesser than the volume of the apparatus in its second state; placing the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus into the cavity; expanding the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus; clamping the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus onto the patient; leaving the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus inside the cavity for a sufficient time to deliver the prescribed radiation dose to remaining tissue that surrounds the cavity; and removing the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus.
 57. The method of claim 56, wherein the first and second sets of tubes of the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus are configured to substantially conform to a shape of the cavity; and wherein the expanding step further includes expanding the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus outwardly so that the first and second sets of tubes substantially conform to a size of the cavity.
 58. The method of claim 57, wherein the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus further comprises: one or more adjustment mechanisms configured to individually adjust each of the one or more thin-walled tubes to varying lengths in order to accommodate a size of the cavity.
 59. A brachytherapy apparatus for delivery of localized irradiation after tissue removal, the tissue removal resulting in a cavity surrounded by remaining tissue, the apparatus comprising: one or more thin-walled tubes, each of said thin-walled tubes being configured to contain a plurality of low-dose radioactive seed strands; a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds, the seeds including at least one low-dose radioactive seed strand disposed within the one or more thin-walled tubes, the plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds being configured to deliver a prescribed dose of radiation; one or more adjustment mechanisms configured to individually adjust each of the one or more thin-walled tubes to varying lengths in order to accommodate a size of the cavity; and an expansion element configured to expand outwardly said one or more thin-walled tubes within the cavity.
 60. The apparatus of claim 59, wherein the thin-walled tubes are configured to expand outwardly so that they substantially conform to a shape of the cavity.
 61. A method for delivering localized irradiation after surgical tissue removal, the tissue removal resulting in a cavity, the method comprising: creating access to the cavity; providing an interstitial brachytherapy apparatus, comprising: one or more thin-walled tubes, each of said thin-walled tubes being configured to contain a plurality of low-dose radioactive seed strands; a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds, the seeds including at least one low-dose radioactive seed strand disposed within the one or more thin-walled tubes, the plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds being configured to deliver a prescribed dose of radiation; one or more adjustment mechanisms configured to individually adjust each of the one or more thin-walled tubes to varying lengths in order to accommodate a size of the cavity; and an expansion element configured to expand outwardly said one or more thin-walled tubes within the cavity; placing the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus into the cavity; expanding the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus; clamping the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus onto the patient; leaving the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus inside the cavity for a sufficient time to deliver the prescribed radiation dose to remaining tissue that surrounds the cavity; and removing the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus.
 62. The method of claim 61, wherein the thin-walled tubes of the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus are configured to substantially conform to a shape of the cavity; and wherein the expanding step further includes expanding the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus outwardly so that the thin-walled tubes substantially conform to a size of the cavity.
 63. A brachytherapy apparatus for delivery of localized irradiation after surgical tissue removal, the tissue removal resulting in a cavity surrounded by remaining tissue, the brachytherapy apparatus comprising: a plurality of stacked, substantially elliptical, thin-walled tubes, the plurality of tubes including an uppermost tube, at least one middle tube and a lowermost tube, wherein each tube has a top tube section, and a bottom tube section; connection mechanisms configured to connect each tube to at least one other tube such that the top tube section of one tube is connected to the bottom tube section of another tube with the exception of the uppermost tube; a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds disposed within the thin-walled tubes, the plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds being configured to deliver a prescribed dose of radiation; one or more adjustment mechanisms configured to individually adjust each of the one or more thin-walled tubes to varying lengths in order to accommodate a size of the cavity; and wherein the uppermost tube and the lowermost tube are of a lesser volume than the at least one middle tube; wherein the apparatus is configured to expand and collapse, the expanded state resulting in a greater volume for the apparatus than in its collapsed state; wherein the apparatus defines a diameter of an upper tube section, a middle tube section and a lower tube section; and wherein, in its expanded state, the diameter of the middle tube section is greater than the diameter of the upper tube section and the lower tube section.
 64. The apparatus of claim 63, wherein the thin-walled tubes are configured to expand outwardly so that they substantially conform to a shape of the cavity.
 65. A method for delivering localized irradiation after surgical tissue removal, the tissue removal resulting in a cavity, the method comprising: creating access to the cavity; providing an interstitial brachytherapy apparatus, comprising: a plurality of stacked, substantially elliptical, thin-walled tubes, the plurality of tubes including an uppermost tube, at least one middle tube and a lowermost tube, wherein each tube has a top tube section, and a bottom tube section; connection mechanisms configured to connect each tube to at least one other tube such that the top tube section of one tube is connected to the bottom tube section of another tube with the exception of the uppermost tube; a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds disposed within the thin-walled tubes, the plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds being configured to deliver a prescribed dose of radiation; one or more adjustment mechanisms configured to individually adjust each of the one or more thin-walled tubes to varying lengths in order to accommodate a size of the cavity; and wherein the uppermost tube and the lowermost tube are of a lesser volume than the at least one middle tube; wherein the apparatus is configured to expand and collapse, the expanded state resulting in a greater volume for the apparatus than in its collapsed state; wherein the apparatus defines a diameter of an upper tube section, a middle tube section and a lower tube section; and wherein, in its expanded state, the diameter of the middle tube section is greater than the diameter of the upper tube section and the lower tube section; placing the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus into the cavity; expanding the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus; clamping the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus onto the patient; leaving the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus inside the cavity for a sufficient time to deliver the prescribed radiation dose to remaining tissue that surrounds the cavity; and removing the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus.
 66. The method of claim 65, wherein the thin-walled tubes of the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus are configured to substantially conform to a shape of the cavity; and wherein the expanding step further includes expanding the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus outwardly so that the thin-walled tubes substantially conform to a size of the cavity.
 67. A brachytherapy apparatus for delivery of localized irradiation after surgical tissue removal, the tissue removal resulting in a cavity surrounded by remaining tissue, the brachytherapy apparatus comprising: a plurality of substantially cylindrical, thin-walled tubes, the wall of each tube being connected to the wall of at least one other tube; a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds, including at least one low-dose radioactive seed strand disposed within the one or more thin-walled tubes, the plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds being configured to deliver a prescribed dose of radiation; one or more adjustment mechanisms configured to individually adjust each of the one or more thin-walled tubes to varying lengths in order to accommodate a size of the cavity; and an expansion element configured to expand outwardly said plurality of substantially cylindrical, thin-walled tubes.
 68. The apparatus of claim 67, wherein the thin-walled tubes are configured to expand outwardly so that they substantially conform to a shape of the cavity.
 69. A method for delivering localized irradiation after surgical tissue removal, the tissue removal resulting in a cavity, the method comprising: creating access to the cavity; providing an interstitial brachytherapy apparatus, comprising: a plurality of substantially cylindrical, thin-walled tubes, the wall of each tube being connected to the wall of at least one other tube; a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds, including at least one low-dose radioactive seed strand disposed within the one or more thin-walled tubes, the plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds being configured to deliver a prescribed dose of radiation; one or more adjustment mechanisms configured to individually adjust each of the one or more thin-walled tubes to varying lengths in order to accommodate a size of the cavity; and an expansion element configured to expand outwardly said plurality of substantially cylindrical, thin-walled tubes; placing the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus into the cavity; expanding the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus; clamping the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus onto the patient; leaving the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus inside the cavity for a sufficient time to deliver the prescribed radiation dose to remaining tissue that surrounds the cavity; and removing the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus.
 70. The method of claim 69, wherein the thin-walled tubes of the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus are configured to substantially conform to a shape of the cavity; and wherein the expanding step further includes expanding the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus outwardly so that the thin-walled tubes substantially conform to a size of the cavity.
 71. A brachytherapy apparatus for delivery of localized irradiation after surgical tissue removal, the tissue removal resulting in a cavity surrounded by remaining tissue, the brachytherapy apparatus comprising: a first set of tubes being configured in a first direction; a second set of tubes being configured in a second direction such that the second set of tubes intersects with the first set of tubes to define an upper tube section, a middle tube section and a lower tube section, each of said tubes sections defining a diameter; a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds disposed within the first and second sets of tubes; one or more adjustment mechanisms configured to individually adjust each of the one or more thin-walled tubes to varying lengths in order to accommodate a size of the cavity; wherein, in its expanded state, the diameter of the middle tube section is greater than the diameter of the upper tube section and the lower tube section; and wherein the volume of the apparatus in its first state is lesser than the volume of the apparatus in its second state.
 72. The apparatus of claim 71, wherein the thin-walled tubes are configured to expand outwardly so that they substantially conform to a shape of the cavity.
 73. A method for delivering localized irradiation after surgical tissue removal, the tissue removal resulting in a cavity, the method comprising: creating access to the cavity; providing an interstitial brachytherapy apparatus, comprising: a first set of tubes being configured in a first direction; a second set of tubes being configured in a second direction such that the second set of tubes intersects with the first set of tubes to define an upper tube section, a middle tube section and a lower tube section, each of said tubes sections defining a diameter; a plurality of low-dose radioactive seeds disposed within the first and second sets of tubes; one or more adjustment mechanisms configured to individually adjust each of the one or more thin-walled tubes to varying lengths in order to accommodate a size of the cavity; wherein, in its expanded state, the diameter of the middle tube section is greater than the diameter of the upper tube section and the lower tube section; and wherein the volume of the apparatus in its first state is lesser than the volume of the apparatus in its second state; placing the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus into the cavity; expanding the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus; clamping the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus onto the patient; leaving the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus inside the cavity for a sufficient time to deliver the prescribed radiation dose to remaining tissue that surrounds the cavity; and removing the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus.
 74. The method of claim 73, wherein the thin-walled tubes of the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus are configured to substantially conform to a shape of the cavity; and wherein the expanding step further includes expanding the interstitial brachytherapy apparatus outwardly so that the thin-walled tubes substantially conform to a size of the cavity.
 75. The apparatus of claim 1, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 34, 37, 39, 41, 44, 47, 50, 53, 56, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71 or 73, wherein the cavity is located in a breast or near breast tissue. 